Which term refers to policies designed to increase representation of historically marginalized groups in employment or education?

• A. National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial
• B. De facto discrimination
• C. Affirmative action
• D. Police cynicism

Answer: (C)

Affirmative action refers to policies designed to increase representation of historically marginalized groups in employment or education. These policies actively work to correct past and ongoing inequities by encouraging applications from underrepresented groups and, where allowed, giving consideration to factors like race or gender in hiring or admissions to promote a more diverse workforce and student body. It’s about intentional steps to expand access and level the playing field, rather than letting historical or systemic barriers persist.

The other terms don’t fit because a national law enforcement officers memorial is a commemorative site, not a policy. De facto discrimination describes discriminatory effects that arise from ordinary practices rather than formal policies, not an intentional program to boost representation. Police cynicism refers to a workplace attitude or culture, not a policy aimed at increasing diversity or access.